This section covers the basics of how to install Python packages.

It’s important to note that the term “package” in this context is being used asa synonym for a distribution (i.e. a bundle ofsoftware to be installed), not to refer to the kind of package that you import in your Python source code (i.e. a container ofmodules). It is common in the Python community to refer to a distribution using the term “package”. Using the term “distribution”is often not preferred, because it can easily be confused with a Linuxdistribution, or another larger software distribution like Python itself.

Contents

This section describes the steps to follow before installing other Pythonpackages.

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Before you go any further, make sure you have Python and that the expectedversion is available from your command line. You can check this by running:

You should get some output like Python3.6.3. If you do not have Python,please install the latest 3.x version from python.org or refer to theInstalling Python section of the Hitchhiker’s Guide to Python.

Note

If you’re a newcomer and you get an error like this:

It’s because this command and other suggested commands in this tutorialare intended to be run in a shell (also called a terminal orconsole). See the Python for Beginners getting started tutorial foran introduction to using your operating system’s shell and interacting withPython.

Note

If you’re using an enhanced shell like IPython or the Jupyternotebook, you can run system commands like those in this tutorial byprefacing them with a ! character:

It’s recommended to write {sys.executable} rather than plain python inorder to ensure that commands are run in the Python installation matchingthe currently running notebook (which may not be the same Pythoninstallation that the python command refers to).

Note

Due to the way most Linux distributions are handling the Python 3migration, Linux users using the system Python without creating a virtualenvironment first should replace the python command in this tutorialwith python3 and the pip command with pip3--user. Do notrun any of the commands in this tutorial with sudo: if you get apermissions error, come back to the section on creating virtual environments,set one up, and then continue with the tutorial as written.

Additionally, you’ll need to make sure you have pip available. You cancheck this by running:

If you installed Python from source, with an installer from python.org, orvia Homebrew you should already have pip. If you’re on Linux and installedusing your OS package manager, you may have to install pip separately, seeInstalling pip/setuptools/wheel with Linux Package Managers.

If pip isn’t already installed, then first try to bootstrap it from thestandard library:

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If that still doesn’t allow you to run pip:

Securely Download get-pip.py1
Run pythonget-pip.py. 2 This will install or upgrade pip.Additionally, it will install setuptools and wheel if they’renot installed already.
Warning
Be cautious if you’re using a Python install that’s managed by youroperating system or another package manager. get-pip.py does notcoordinate with those tools, and may leave your system in aninconsistent state. You can use pythonget-pip.py--prefix=/usr/local/to install in /usr/local which is designed for locally-installedsoftware.

While pip alone is sufficient to install from pre-built binary archives,up to date copies of the setuptools and wheel projects are usefulto ensure you can also install from source archives:

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See section below for details,but here’s the basic venv3 command to use on a typical Linux system:

This will create a new virtual environment in the tutorial_env subdirectory,and configure the current shell to use it as the default python environment.

Python “Virtual Environments” allow Python packages to be installed in an isolated location for a particular application,rather than being installed globally. If you are looking to safely installglobal command line tools,see Installing stand alone command line tools.

Imagine you have an application that needs version 1 of LibFoo, but anotherapplication requires version 2. How can you use both these applications? If youinstall everything into /usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages (or whatever yourplatform’s standard location is), it’s easy to end up in a situation where youunintentionally upgrade an application that shouldn’t be upgraded.

Or more generally, what if you want to install an application and leave it be?If an application works, any change in its libraries or the versions of thoselibraries can break the application.

Also, what if you can’t install packages into theglobal site-packages directory? For instance, on a shared host.

In all these cases, virtual environments can help you. They have their owninstallation directories and they don’t share libraries with other virtualenvironments.

Currently, there are two common tools for creating Python virtual environments:

venv is available by default in Python 3.3 and later, and installspip and setuptools into created virtual environments inPython 3.4 and later.
virtualenv needs to be installed separately, but supports Python 2.7+and Python 3.3+, and pip, setuptools and wheel arealways installed into created virtual environments by default (regardless ofPython version).

The basic usage is like so:

Using venv:

Using virtualenv:

For more information, see the venv docs or the virtualenv docs.

The use of source under Unix shells ensuresthat the virtual environment’s variables are set within the currentshell, and not in a subprocess (which then disappears, having nouseful effect).

In both of the above cases, Windows users should _not_ use thesource command, but should rather run the activatescript directly from the command shell like so:

Managing multiple virtual environments directly can become tedious, so thedependency management tutorial introduces ahigher level tool, Pipenv, that automatically manages a separatevirtual environment for each project and